International Journal of Transdisciplinary Research and Perspectives
Call for Papers Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2026 Publish in Multidisciplinary Journal Publication Process Submit Manuscript ISSN (Online): 3107-7935 Publication Frequency: Monthly Subject/Scope: Multidisciplinary Areas Publication Format: Online Publication Time: Within 3 Days Publication Fee: $52 (Africa), $59 (Others), ₹2000 (India) CrossRef DOI to all published articles No Additional Author and Page Charges Free e-certificates to authors
A Study of Rural Development in Aligarh District: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects
This study presents a comprehensive empirical analysis of rural development in Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh, a region where approximately 70% of the population resides in villages and where traditional agrarian livelihoods intersect with the globally renowned lock-making industry. Despite its economic significance, rural Aligarh faces persistent challenges including gender disparities in literacy, fragmented landholdings, infrastructure deficits, and climate-dependent agricultural vulnerability. This research examines the current developmental status through a mixed-methods approach, integrating primary data from 100 respondents across five strategically selected villages (Lodha, Alampur Subakara, Maheshpur ADF, Chherat Sudhal, and Sapera Bhanpur) with secondary data analysis. The study evaluates critical dimensions of rural development including agricultural productivity, educational infrastructure, healthcare accessibility, employment opportunities, and community awareness of government schemes such as the "One District One Product" (ODOP) initiative, dairy cooperative expansion, and emerging rural tourism potential. Quantitative analysis utilizing Microsoft Excel and SPSS was complemented by qualitative thematic examination of field observations and in-depth interviews with marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, and administrative stakeholders. Findings reveal significant gaps in cold storage facilities, credit accessibility, and technical training that impede sustainable growth, while highlighting transformative opportunities presented by rapid urbanization and industrial encroachment. The research identifies localized trends and infrastructure disparities through cross-village comparative analysis, ultimately proposing a strategic framework for transitioning Aligarh from a traditional agrarian economy to a modern, self-reliant rural hub. The study concludes with practical policy recommendations aimed at fostering long-term resilience, inclusive prosperity, and improved implementation of rural development programs in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umme Kulsum, Khushi Sharma, Zoha Seraj, Mohd. Danish (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Legal and Ethical Implications of AI in Judicial Decision-Making: Challenges to Fair Trial and Due Process
A paradigm shift in the discussion of law, justice, and governance has resulted from the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into judicial systems. Even though AI has been successful in increasing productivity, simplifying case management, and helping judges with research, using it to make decisions in court presents serious ethical and legal issues. The constitutional protections of due process and fair trial, which protect individual rights from caprice and guarantee openness, impartiality, and accountability in decision-making, are at the heart of this discussion. The ethical and legal ramifications of using AI in court decision-making are examined in this paper. It looks at how the idea of equality before the law may be threatened by algorithmic tools that, despite their promise of objectivity, may replicate or even worsen systemic biases present in training data. The constitutional requirement of reasoned judgments is challenged by the "black box problem," in which algorithms generate results without comprehensible reasoning, undermining public confidence in the legal system. Furthermore, there are serious concerns about who is responsible for incorrect or unfair results when accountability is distributed between algorithmic systems and human judges. The study examines developments in China, India, the United States, and the European Union using a comparative methodology. Both the advantages and disadvantages of AI-driven adjudication are highlighted in the study, ranging from the US controversy surrounding COMPAS risk-assessment tools to China's smart court experiment and India's cautious use of AI through SUPACE. It contends that although artificial intelligence (AI) can increase judicial efficiency, human conscience, empathy, and interpretive reasoning—all of which are essential components of justice—cannot be separated from adjudication. In order to ensure that technological innovation does not undermine constitutional values but rather strengthens the accessibility, fairness, and credibility of judicial systems, the paper ends by suggesting safeguards such as regulatory frameworks, transparency standards, and a "human-in-the-loop" principle.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pooja Baghel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Analytical Reliability and Correlation of Hemo Spark+ Against the HemoCue 201 Gold Standard
Background: Anemia affects over 50–60% of women of reproductive age, children, and pregnant women in many parts of India (per NFHS and WHO data), contributing to maternal mortality, low birth weight, impaired child development, and reduced productivity. Early detection through hemoglobin (Hb) screening is essential for interventions like iron supplementation, deworming, and nutritional programs. However, traditional lab-based methods (e.g., automated hematology analyzers using cyanmethemoglobin or flow cytometry) are expensive, require trained personnel, infrastructure, and sample transport—often impractical in rural or primary health centers (PHCs), antenatal clinics, schools, or blood donation camps. Accurate and rapid hemoglobin (Hb) estimation is critical for anemia screening and clinical decision-making. This study evaluates the analytical performance of the Hemo Spark+ Hemoglobin meter point-of-care (POC) meter, based on dual wavelength absorption photometry, compared to the HemoCue Hb 201 reference standard. Performance was assessed through statistical interpretation of accuracy, precision, and agreement using both venous and capillary blood samples. Objective: To assess the analytical reliability and correlation of the HemoSpark+ Hemoglobin meter, hemoglobin levels were estimated in parallel with the Hemo Cue Hb 201 hemoglobin meter with both venous and blood samples. To determine if Hemo Spark+ meter is a viable, cost-effective alternative for anemia screening, blood donation, and maternal health programs, especially where portability and ease-of-use are critical. Materials and Methods: This prospective, method-comparison study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Hemo Spark+ against the HemoCue Hb 201 (Reference Method). The study protocol adhered to the CLSI EP09-A3 guidelines for method comparison and bias estimation using patient samples. A total of 321 participants were enrolled, including: Adults (N=236): Stratified by gender (Male/Female). Children (N=85): Defined as individuals under 12 years of age. Two types of blood matrices were collected from each participant to evaluate matrix effects: Capillary Blood: Obtained via a standard finger-prick using a high-flow lancet. Venous Blood: Collected via venipuncture into K2-EDTA vacuum tubes. Venous samples were analyzed within 4 hours of collection to ensure cellular integrity. Results: The Hemo Spark+ hemoglobin meter meets and exceeds the performance requirements for point-of-care anemia screening. With a correlation of 0.9989 and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity exceeding 95%, it provides a reliable, low-bias alternative to the HemoCue Hb 201 for both adult and pediatric populations. The device demonstrated high repeatability and reproducibility across the three critical hemoglobin levels. Intra-Sample (Repeatability): Testing the same sample 20 times on one meter. Low (8.2 g/dL): CV = 1.46; Medium (13.5 g/dL): CV = 0.89; High (17.1g/dL): CV=0.70%; Inter-Sample (Reproducibility): Testing the same sample across 5 different meters. Low (8.2 g/dL): CV = 2.20%; Medium (13.5 g/dL): CV = 1.33%; High (17.1 g/dL): CV = 1.05%; There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between venous and capillary blood performance. While capillary samples showed a slightly higher standard deviation (+/- 0.12 g/dL) compared to venous samples (+/- 0.08 g/dL), both remained well within the target accuracy and sensitivity/specificity thresholds (> 95%). Conclusion: The Hemo Spark+ hemoglobin meter meets and exceeds the performance requirements for point-of-care anemia screening. With a correlation of 0.9989 and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity exceeding 95%, it provides a reliable, low-bias alternative to the HemoCue Hb 201 for both adult and pediatric populations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vanama Sravanthi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Pulse of Student Entrepreneurship on the Campus
Student entrepreneurship on university campuses has increasingly emerged as a defining feature of contemporary higher education, reflecting broader socio-economic shifts marked by youth unemployment, rapid digital transformation, critical thinking, and a growing pursuit of self-reliance. Within this context, campus-based entrepreneurial activity has evolved beyond a peripheral pursuit into a central survival and empowerment strategy for many students. This abstract examines the motivations, challenges, opportunities, and socio-cultural dynamics shaping entrepreneurial engagement among university students, positioning campus entrepreneurship as both an economic response and a transformative social phenomenon. There is a notable rise in the number of students engaging in entrepreneurial ventures across campuses, largely driven by constrained formal employment opportunities and the desire for creativity, innovation, and financial autonomy. Universities provide a fertile environment for such activity by bringing together diverse populations, interdisciplinary skills, and expansive networks that collectively nurture innovation. Through the interaction of academic knowledge, peer collaboration, digital platforms, and institutional support structures such as incubation hubs and innovation centers students are able to develop socio-economic diversity and cultivate independent, adaptive enterprise ecosystems. These ventures range from small-scale informal enterprises, including online retailing, event management, photography, and food services, to technology-driven startups in areas such as digital marketing, application development, agribusiness, and content creation. The study underscores that student entrepreneurship is deeply influenced by prevailing economic pressures. Rising tuition costs, limited government sponsorship, and the increasing cost of living compel students to seek alternative income streams. Entrepreneurship therefore functions not only as a pathway to financial sustainability but also as a mechanism for reducing dependence on family support. In this process, students acquire critical competencies, including financial literacy, resilience, adaptability, and strategic decision-making, which extend beyond immediate economic gains. Importantly, student entrepreneurship is not solely profit-oriented. It is equally motivated by personal development, passion, problem-solving, and aspirations for social impact. Drawing on opportunity recognition theory, human capital theory, and innovation theory, the study illustrates how students identify market gaps, leverage acquired skills, and introduce novel solutions within the campus environment. These theoretical perspectives help explain the interaction between education, social networks, and environmental conditions in shaping entrepreneurial outcomes. The campus is thus conceptualized not only as a learning institution but also as an entrepreneurial laboratory where ideas are conceived, tested, refined, and scaled. Overall, The Pulse of Student Entrepreneurship on the Campus reveals student entrepreneurship as a dynamic and evolving phenomenon with significant implications for economic development, educational transformation, and youth empowerment. Universities play a pivotal role in sustaining this momentum by embedding entrepreneurship within curricula, providing mentorship, facilitating access to funding, and establishing supportive policy frameworks that enable student-led enterprises to thrive.
Copyright (c) 2026 Geoffrey Kipkorir Ng'enoh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Atrazine Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Hydrogen Peroxide-Modified Powdered Activated Carbon
Atrazine is a triazine herbicide that is commonly used in the Philippines to manage weeds in crops such as sugarcane, maize and rice. However, it has been polluting the surface and groundwater because of its persistence and solubility in water that causes health concerns such as endocrine disruption and cancer. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) is used as a treatment for the removing contaminants in drinking water treatment plants due to its high efficiency and low cost, but has problems with its regeneration and saturation limits. Therefore, this study involves the use of PAC and to modify it with H2O2 in order to improve atrazine removal by introducing oxidation by reactive radicals which allows the process to be more effective and sustainable. The spectrophotometric analysis at 450 nm indicated that the atrazine concentration was reduced consistently among the treatments. The results from the analysis suggest that with the increasing H2O2 concentration used for modification, the atrazine removal efficiency also increases which implies the importance of oxidative activation of adsorption capacity and the surface reactivity. Meanwhile, the optimal H₂O₂ concentration is the balance between enhanced surface functionality and structural stability, achieving maximum removal efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chyrajen Callao, Merry Cris Mallari, Miame Mangubat, Henry Haranay (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Achievement Motivation of Secondary Level Students in Relation to Gender and Area of Residence
The present study investigated achievement motivation among secondary school students in relation to gender and area of residence. A causal-comparative research design was adopted for the study. The sample consisted of secondary school students selected through multistage sampling technique from Bhubaneswar Block and Bhubaneswar Municipality area of Khordha district. Data were collected using Deo-Mohan Achievement Motivation (n-Ach) Scale. The collected data were analyzed using Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to examine the main and interaction effects of gender and residence on achievement motivation. The findings revealed that both gender and residence have significant effects on achievement motivation. However, the interaction effect between gender and residence was not found to be significant. The results indicate that achievement motivation differs independently based on gender and residential background, but their combined influence does not produce a significant effect. The study highlights the importance of considering demographic factors in understanding students’ achievement motivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jishnupriya Rout (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rehabilitation of Chronic Cervical Spondylolysis with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome using a Multimodal Physiotherapy Approach: A Case Study
Background: Chronic cervical spondylolysis is a degenerative musculoskeletal condition often associated with neck pain, restricted mobility, and neurological symptoms due to nerve root involvement. When accompanied by carpal tunnel syndrome, patients may experience compounded functional impairment, including upper limb pain, paresthesia, and reduced hand function. Managing such coexisting conditions requires a comprehensive and individualized rehabilitation strategy. Objective: This case study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a multimodal physiotherapy approach in reducing pain, improving functional mobility, and enhancing upper limb function in a patient with chronic cervical spondylolysis and concurrent carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods: A patient presenting with chronic neck pain, radiating upper limb symptoms, and clinically diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome underwent a structured physiotherapy program over a defined intervention period. The multimodal rehabilitation protocol included therapeutic exercises, cervical stabilization training, neural mobilization, manual therapy, postural correction, ergonomic education, and electrotherapy modalities for pain management. Outcome measures included pain intensity, cervical range of motion, hand grip strength, functional status, and patient-reported symptom severity. Results: Post-intervention findings demonstrated a significant reduction in pain intensity, improved cervical mobility, enhanced hand function, and decreased paresthesia. Functional performance and daily activity tolerance improved notably, with the patient reporting better postural awareness and reduced symptom recurrence. Conclusion: A multimodal physiotherapy approach appears to be an effective conservative management strategy for individuals with coexisting chronic cervical spondylolysis and carpal tunnel syndrome. Integrated rehabilitation targeting both cervical and peripheral nerve dysfunction may lead to meaningful improvements in pain, mobility, and functional independence. Further studies with larger samples are recommended to support these findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shafiu Abdulganiyu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
StreamRAG v2: Native Parser Daemons and Three-Tier Extraction for Real-Time Code Graphs
We present StreamRAG v2, a major evolution of the StreamRAG real-time incremental code graph system for AI-driven code editors. Building on the v1 foundations—LiquidGraph, DeltaGraphBridge, and ShadowAST—v2 introduces five architectural advances: (1) Native Parser Daemons, persistent language-specific processes (Node.js, Rust, JVM) communicating via length-prefixed msgpack over Unix domain sockets, providing full AST parsing for 7 non-Python languages; (2) a Three-Tier Extraction Hierarchy where each language is served by the best available parser—native daemon, tree-sitter AST, or regex—with automatic fallback; (3) a V2 Subsystem comprising adaptive debouncing, context stabilization, fine-grained invertible graph operations, semantic path addressing, time-based file watching, and multi-session daemon support; (4) three Intelligence Subsystems—native parser caching via SHA256-keyed LRU, semantic similarity scoring with five weighted signals, and LLM-guided resolution for ambiguous edges; and (5) Accuracy Subsystems including cross-language convention resolvers, confidence-filtered cycle detection, structured direct/transitive impact separation, and workspace-aware dead code analysis. StreamRAG v2 achieves sub-0.05ms per incremental change, supports 1,020 test scenarios across 62 test files with 100% pass rate, and spans 20,000+ lines of production code across Python, TypeScript, Rust, and Java. Real-world benchmarks show v2 reduces token consumption by 47% and turns by 19% compared to unaugmented Claude, with a 96% token reduction on complex architecture traces. Compared to v1, v2 improves accuracy by +20pp (92% vs 72%), runs 2.3× faster, and uses 53% fewer tokens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Krrish Choudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examining the State of Security for Security Providers – A Case Study of National Government Administrative Officers in Vihiga County, Kenya
There have been efforts by the National government in creating a conducive working environment for National Government Administrative Officers (N.G.A.O) working within the country with emphasis to those working within their home sub-counties. The National government is fast tracking the process by ensuring that their security is guaranteed and protected. This is after a rise in the number of cases of attacks, assault and even death of National Government Administrative Officers within the country and specifically within Vihiga County, who are assaulted while on duty or even when not on official duty. According to the Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSHS 2025), a total of 9702 cases has been notified. The main objective of the study is to assess the state of security for National Government Administrative Officers working and residing within Vihiga County. The study also aims at examining key security challenges affecting the officers. The target setting is the National Government Administrative Officers working within the Sub- County in their home areas who continue working and serving the citizens residing within their working home environment. This study will mostly target Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs who work in their home locations and sub-locations and are not transferable. The study also aims at exploring how the National Government tends or addresses security challenges and issues affecting National Government Administrative Officers within the targeted areas. The study will lastly try and address the key areas government is strengthening in mitigating and improving security awareness among the National Government Administrative Officers in Kenya.The study will adopt a descriptive study design with a sample size of 215 respondents. The main respondents will be Chiefs, Assistant Chiefs, National Police Service officers, Village elders, Community Policing members, nyumba kumi and the local residents. Primary data will be collected using questionnaires and interview schedules while secondary data will be collected from past records and literature. A mixed-methods approach will be utilized which will involve structured questionnaires for quantitative data and Key Informant Interviews for qualitative data. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data will undergo thematic analysis and presented in a narrative form to compliment the quantitative results. The study aims to establish the correlation between the security challenges within the Sub- County affecting N.G.A.O Officers, their causes, role played by security officers themselves, organized gangs or groups, boda-boda riders, business men and women, criminal gangs among other players within Vihiga County. The study aims to further show the satisfaction rate of work among the officers and the role they play in determining their state of security. The study will also try to give recommendations on the best approaches in ensuring that the officers perform their duties fully and diligently.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kutai Matende Richard, Yasin Kuso Ghabon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Artificial Brain: A Neuroscience Inspired Architecture for Multimodal AI Systems
Current AI models process input through a single lens. The human brain never does this—it cross-references every sense against every other sense, flags conflicts, and only calls on expensive conscious reasoning when something doesn't add up. We present a complete architecture for an artificial brain that mirrors this design: specialized Small Language Models (SLMs) as parallel sensory cortices, a lightweight conflict detector as the anterior cingulate cortex, an expensive reasoning model as the prefrontal cortex activated only on demand, a streaming identity core as the default mode network, episodic memory via vector databases, slow knowledge consolidation via sleep-cycle fine-tuning, and a neuromodulator reward system that shapes all behavior over time. The system is born when started, develops personality through experience, sleeps to consolidate, and dies when stopped. Every component maps to a specific brain structure. Every design decision is grounded in neuroscience research. The architecture is implementable today on consumer hardware (RTX 4050, 6GB VRAM).
Copyright (c) 2026 Krrish Choudhary, Tanvi Kandoi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Philosophical Interpretation of Karmayoga in the Gita
“A Philosophical Interpretation of Karma Yoga in the Gita” is a philosophical study whose objective is to analyze the principles of Karma Yoga as presented in the “Bhagavad Gita”. The Bhagavad Gita is a unique work of Indian philosophy that is not only significant from a religious and spiritual perspective, but also extremely useful as a guide for practical life. Through Lord Krishna’s teachings to Arjuna, the Gita integrates the profound elements of karma (action),gyan (knowledge), bhakti (devotion), and yoga. This research paper focuses particularly on the philosophical structure of Karma Yoga. A detailed explanation of Karma Yoga is found in the second, third, and fifth chapters of the Gita, where Lord Krishna identifies selfless action (nishkaam karma), sense of duty, self-control, and equanimity as the core elements of Karma Yoga. Through verses such as “Karmanye vadhikaraste”, the importance of action is emphasized; clarifying that renouncing attachment to the fruits of action and performing one’s duty alone can lead a person toward spiritual progress. From a philosophical perspective, Karma Yoga in the Gita acts as a bridge between the philosophies of dualism and non-dualism. It paves the way toward purity of the self, stability of the mind, and liberation from bondage. Karma Yoga is not merely physical action; it is also the practice of mental and spiritual discipline. It is a path in which, while performing actions, a person remains detached and unaffected—an idea clearly reflected in the Gita’s concepts of “action in inaction” and “inaction in action.” The study also demonstrates that Karma Yoga in the Gita is relevant not only for spiritual development but is equally significant for establishing balance amid the complexities of modern life. Whether in personal life, social responsibility, or ethical dilemmas, the Gita’s Karma Yoga offers a practical solution. Thus, this research paper reinterprets the philosophy of Karma Yoga not only in the light of traditional Gita commentaries but also within the context of contemporary moral philosophy and practical life. The study shows that Karma Yoga is just as relevant today as it was for Arjuna on the battlefield of the Mahabharata.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kapila Purohit (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Empowering Learners: A Holistic Approach to Pedagogical Adaptation and Institutional Support Through Grounded Theory
This study explores the responses of junior high school mathematics educators in the Carcar City Division to learning loss. The loss was brought about by the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to understand the strategies they implemented to address these challenges. Employing a qualitative design grounded in Straussian Grounded Theory, the research draws insights from key informant interviews and focused group discussions with teachers and administrators from the division’s three largest public schools. Findings reveal a range of innovative and context-responsive strategies such as peer tutoring, differentiated instruction, remedial interventions, and the use of blended learning modalities. The institutional support also plays a vital role in the success of learning recovery programs as well as the support coming the community. These two sources of support create a strong foundation for addressing learning gaps. Hence, the study culminates in the development of the substantive theory: Adaptive Student Learning Recovery, which outlines three interrelated pillars for effective learning recovery: pedagogical adaptation, social learning support, and institutional intervention. Pedagogical adaptation includes responsive teaching strategies tailored to students’ needs; social learning support highlights the roles of parents, peers, and community in sustaining student engagement; and institutional intervention refers to systemic efforts in leadership, resource allocation, and policy support. Despite persistent challenges—including technological disparities, limited instructional time, and socio-economic barriers—educators demonstrated resilience and a strong commitment to equitable learning recovery. The study offers a framework to guide future interventions and policymaking in post-pandemic mathematics education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Margie M. Oacan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Indigenous Education of Urban Middle-Class Women in United Provinces in the Late Nineteenth Century
My focus in this article is on the beginning and growth of women's education in colonial United Provinces, staged in different spaces via colonial agencies. This article examines the institutions and ideals of education in the United Provinces, particularly those centered around women. The trajectory of women's education in the United Provinces exhibited a marked deviation from the Bengal renaissance model which has received abundance of scholarly attention. While claiming that women were quietly creating spaces in spite of such limitations, this article marks out the moments of quiet struggle with patriarchal institution within and outside the household.
Copyright (c) 2026 Priyamvada Tiwari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ibsen’s Parental Paradigms: A Reexamination
This article explores the parent-child relationships in Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, Ghosts and An Enemy of the People with a special focus on the destructive role of parents and children in social and human evolution. The study examines how Ibsen uses these particular relationships and what they represent in light of his views on social progress, evolution, and education. Drawing from the interactions between children and their parents in the plays under study, the work discusses the intricate weaving together of a number of different cultural and philosophical visions inherent in children’s and parent’s world, thereby highlighting the role children play in promoting cultural diversity and social justice. As this study highlights, traditional parenting breads dictatorship, tyranny, brutality and sycophancy. The study therefore discusses themes like torture, oppression, injustice, repression, religious hypocrisy, hopes deferred and marginalization within the confines of the home with the intention of showing that those who take up tasks of parenting and guardianship have the responsibility of liberating the child from these injustices. Through the use of social identity theoretical approach to literature, the work demonstrates that the constructive role of the child in social progress and human evolution is usually watered down by the destructive effect of the parent on the child’s progress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Magdalene Benadine Emeli, Didachos Mbeng Afuh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electoral Violence, Institutional Change, and Democratic Consolidation: Kenyan 2007-2022 Election Lessons
In the transitional democracies, election violence has been one of the most significant challenges to democratization. The election process in Kenya has periodically served not only as a democratic process but also as the source of political instability and institutional disruption. This paper analyzes the flexible association among the electoral violence, institutional transformation, and the democratic consolidation in Kenya between 2007 and 2022. The qualitative historical-interpretive design of the study, which relies on the institutionalism of history and democratic consolidation theory, will utilize constitutional texts, electoral legislation, court rulings, reports of the commissions, missions of observers, and peer-reviewed literature. This analysis shows that the post-election violence of 2007-2008 was a critical point that led to unavoidable sweeping institutional reforms, the best being the 2010 Constitution. Although these reforms have consolidated procedural democracy, judicial power, and the process of electoral administration, democratic consolidation has not been total and strong. Electoral violence has abated in scale but still exists in its latent and institutionalized forms, as evident in the polarizing of the elite, the losing of the trust of the people, and the naturalization of judicialized elections. The research concludes that institutional reform due to crisis is a necessity, though it is not enough in the absence of long-term political dedication, normative change, and trust towards the government.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dennis Wambugu Wandina, Yasin Kuho Ghabon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Intelligent Text Mining Framework for Decision Support in Government Hiring
Government hiring processes face significant challenges in efficiently and equitably matching qualified candidates with appropriate positions while managing high application volumes. This paper presents an Intelligent Text Mining Framework for decision support in government hiring that integrates lexical and semantic similarity pathways through a weighted fusion mechanism. The framework processes resume and job description corpora using parallel TF-IDF (lexical) and Sentence-BERT (semantic) analyses, combines scores via a tunable parameter α, and ranks candidates per job description. A comprehensive evaluation on a dataset of 100 resumes and 10 job descriptions demonstrates that the hybrid approach achieves a mean combined similarity score of 0.642 ± 0.113 with high reliability (split half correlation r=0.891, p<0.001). The automated pipeline reduces screening time by 99.97% compared to manual review, reclaiming approximately 5.2 person months of effort per 1,000 comparisons. Using non-sensitive proxy variables like resume length and professional category, rigorous fairness tests show no disproportionate impact (80% rule ratio = 0.858) and no statistically significant bias between groups (Kruskal Wallis p=0.543). The system contains an AI dashboard that shows how scores are spread out, how the best candidates rank, and how big the skill gaps are. This helps hiring supervisors keep track of what's going on. The results suggest that the dual path method is a solid balance between precision and recall, helps choose candidates equitably, and is a scalable, auditable way to hire people in the public sector. This study provides a proven, open-source technology that improves government recruiting by making it more efficient, fair, and open, while still allowing for human monitoring and following ethical hiring norms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Ali Ahmed Ghanim, Madiha Mahdi Mohammed Hussain, Ibrahim Mohamed Ahmed Ali, Reem Almahdy Bashier Mohamed Kier (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Communicative Competence and Academic Performance in Oral Communication: A Descriptive-Correlational Study Among Filipino Senior High School Learners
This descriptive-correlational study examined the relationship between communicative competence and academic performance in Oral Communication in Context, a course in the Senior High School (SHS) curriculum in the Philippines. A total sampling technique was utilized, involving 124 SHS learners as respondents. Specifically, it evaluated the degree of communicative competence across four domains: grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic, and analyzed their relationship with academic performance and demographic variables. The results showed that the respondents exhibited a growing level of communicative competence, with sociolinguistic competence being the highest domain, followed by strategic, discourse, and grammatical competence. Students generally perceived themselves as effective communicators, particularly in adapting language to social and cultural situations and dealing with communication failures, but demonstrated less assurance in grammatical correctness and control of discourse structure. Academic performance (mean = 82.45) revealed that the majority of learners fell into the fairly satisfactory and satisfactory groups, with only a few achieving very satisfactory and outstanding scores. Although the minimum passing norm was achieved, the findings indicate that clarity, fluency, coherence, and academic discourse were not fully mastered. Correlation analysis showed no significant relationship between overall communicative competence and academic performance, except for sociolinguistic competence, which exhibited a statistically significant negative correlation. This implies that perceived sociolinguistic adaptability does not always translate to better academic scores, suggesting the need for performance-based tests to be implemented in conjunction with self-assessments. Furthermore, demographic factors (sex, age, grade level, or language at home) showed no significant impact on communicative competence. The results reestablish that the quality of instruction, classroom discourse, and communicative exposure are more decisive than demographic factors in the development of communicative competence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karen N. Coidno, William D. Magday Jr. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Opportunities and Constraints of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Production in Ethiopia
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a highly nutritious leafy vegetable with increasing economic importance worldwide. In Ethiopia, lettuce production holds significant potential due to favorable climatic conditions and rising market demand driven by urbanization and health consciousness. This review paper explores the opportunities and constraints associated with lettuce production in Ethiopia. Key opportunities include the country's diverse agro-ecological zones, supportive government policies, and ongoing research and development efforts. However, several constraints hinder the expansion of lettuce production, such as limited access to quality seeds, pest and disease pressures, water scarcity, inadequate agricultural practices, poor market infrastructure, and economic and policy challenges. By addressing these constraints through improved seed access, enhanced pest management, efficient water use, modern agricultural practices, and better market infrastructure, Ethiopia can enhance its lettuce production and contribute to food security and economic development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of lettuce production in Ethiopia, identifying key areas for intervention and offering recommendations for future growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Semahegn Geremew Abate (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancing Bio-Jet Fuel Production Through Catalytic Innovation and Biorefinery System Optimization
This study critically evaluates the landscape of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production from biomass, with a focus on the optimization of key conversion processes including hydroprocessing, thermochemical conversion, and catalytic conversion. The study underscores the persistent challenges in SAF production such as high costs, feedstock limitations, and the necessity for robust catalytic systems. It delves into the pivotal role of catalysis, emphasizing advancements in catalyst design—exploring materials like bifunctional catalysts, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and hierarchical structures to enhance catalytic efficacy, selectivity, and durability. A detailed examination of catalyst deactivation mechanisms and regeneration strategies is also provided, highlighting their significance for sustained performance and economic feasibility. Optimization strategies, including response surface methodology, genetic algorithms, and process intensification, are discussed to address these challenges, aiming at improving yield, reducing energy consumption, and minimizing waste. The integration of renewable energy into the biofuel production cycle is analyzed as a means to lessen fossil fuel dependency. The paper advocates for future research directions towards hybrid systems that combine thermochemical and biochemical approaches, potentially leading to higher efficiency, lower costs, and reduced environmental impacts. The study emphasizes the importance of developing scalable, cost-effective catalytic solutions to ensure the commercial viability of SAFs, particularly in the aviation sector where demand for high-energy-density fuels is critical. Through these optimizations, the review proposes pathways that not only make biofuels more competitive against traditional fuels but also contribute significantly to global sustainability objectives, thereby reshaping the future of the energy sector.
Urban Growth and the Conflicting Roles of Automobile Workshops in Akure, Nigeria
Like most Nigerian urban centres, Akure has witnessed a rapid increase in population in recent years, culminating in the soaring number of vehicles on its roads. This phenomenon has led to problems with indiscriminately locating automobile workshops (AWs) in the city. This study, therefore, examines the most affected area of Akure, which sprawled over four political wards with 3,060 residential buildings within a 350 metres radius of Automobile Workshops owned by 511 registered mechanics. Twenty percent (20%) of the Automobile mechanics were randomly selected for data collection. The results revealed that the majority of AWs were located on the setback to roads and under high voltage power transmission lines within residential neigbourhoods where their operations generate wastes with diverse effects on the environment. This paper recommends the relocation of all the illegal automobile workshops that encroached on the identified spaces to a well-planned mechanic village to attain a sustainable living environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Transdisciplinary Research and Perspectives
Studying the Influence of India on the Global Pop Culture
This paper stipulates and inspects the growing influence of India in global fashion and pop culture by analyzing the increased international representation accorded to Indian fashion, celebrities, and cultural symbols. From increased appearances of the Indian contingent at preeminent events such as the MET Gala to being an international brand representative—let alone icons like Natasha Poonawala's fashion choices—these become viral. This paper also examines phenomena like international celebrities sporting Indian jewelry, bindi, and other cultural symbols, and global adoption of Indian-origin colors, patterns, and motifs. The research also delves into the role of the Ambani family and the Reliance empire in helping bring to the masses a whole array of global luxury brands within India and making significant cultural contributions, such as the viral Ambani wedding. It also shows how international designers increasingly participate in Indian fashion weeks, proving the influence of India on other countries culturally and spiritually, and looks at global fascination with the Indian study of Ayurveda, which is now getting into the global skincare game. This paper analyzes the drivers behind India's transformation from a traditionally fashion-influenced country to one of the world's leading trendsetters. Concretely, it will try to grasp how traditional Indian elements blend with the most modern global trends to explain India's changing role in global fashion and its possible implications for the future of popular culture.
The Role of Marketing and Promotional Campaigns in Enhancing Tourism Stability in Nairobi County, Kenya
Domestic tourism has been hailed as a major contribution to many economies throughout the world. As a result, it has become vital for major tourist stakeholders to promote domestic tourism as a way of cushioning tourism during times of global crises. Although domestic tourism in Kenya is promoted for a variety of rationality, the primary goal was to level out the seasons structure and thus preserve jobs year-round. Years later, it appears that this goal has not yet been met. Domestic tourism in the country is still fragmented, poorly organized, and badly received. The research aimed to evaluate the role of marketing and promotional campaigns in enhancing tourism stability in Nairobi County, Kenya. A descriptive research design was utilized, focusing on 120 tourism businesses and tour operators located in Nairobi City County. The sample consisted of 120 managers, selected through stratified random sampling. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather data. The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive analysis involved the use of frequencies, percentages, and means, while Pearson’s moment correlation was applied to assess the relationship between dependent and independent variable. The correlation analysis results revealed there was a significant positive linear correlation between marketing and promotion and tourism stability (p-value < 0.005, r=0.958). According to the findings, marketing and promotional methods improve domestic tourism, but their effects vary by strategy and business. Creative marketing, influence engagement, and mass media campaigns can work, but audience reception depends on implementation. Based on the findings, further research is recommended to explore the long-term impact of specific domestic tourism strategies such as differentiated pricing, infrastructure investment, and digital marketing on tourism stability in Nairobi County.