International Journal of Transdisciplinary Research and Perspectives
Call for Papers Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2026 Publish in Multidisciplinary Journal Publication Process Submit Manuscript ISSN (Online): 3107-7935 Publication Frequency: Monthly Subject/Scope: Multidisciplinary Areas Publication Format: Online Publication Time: Within 3 Days Publication Fee: ₹1600 (India), $52 (Africa), $59 (Others) CrossRef DOI to all published articles No Additional Author and Page Charges Free e-certificates to authors
Marital Rape – A Comparative Socio-Legal Analysis of Cultural Legitimacy, Norms, Religion, and Resistance to Reform
In modern criminal jurisprudence, especially in cultures where marriage is seen as a sacred institution both culturally and religiously. Marital rape continues to be one of the most debatable issues in modern criminal jurisprudence. This paper aims at conducting a comparative socio-legal study on marital rape by focusing on the interplay between law, cultural legitimacy, patriarchal norms, religion, and opposition to legal reform. It is more so concerned with the legal framework of India where the marital rape exception persists under Section 63 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, despite the increasing constitutional and human rights issues. The paper follows the historical antecedents of the marital rape exemption to the common law doctrine of implied consent and theory of coverture, which denied married women independent sexual autonomy. The paper indicates how a number of legal systems have discarded marital immunity through a recognition of consent, dignity, and bodily autonomy in marriage. The paper also examines the role of conservative meanings of religion, family honour, gender roles, and fears of misuse of law in resisting criminalisation in India. It claims that the marital rape exception has been endured due to underlying socio-cultural disparities, and not necessarily due to legal restrictions. The paper finds that the remedy of the issue does not merely lie in the legislative amendments, but also in the institutional sensitisation, survivor support systems and the overall reformation of the societal attitudes towards marriage, consent, and autonomy of women.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pushpender Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Competition Act, 2002 in Detecting and Penalizing Cartel Behaviour in India
Cartels fix prices, rig bids, and divide markets. Detected cartels raise prices by double-digit percentages across jurisdictions. The harm is not abstract: deadweight loss, misallocated resources, and fiscal losses in public procurement that disproportionately burden developing economies. This dissertation undertakes a systematic comparative evaluation of cartel enforcement in India, the EU, and the US. The Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023 introduced global turnover penalties, a leniency-plus framework, and expanded hub-and-spoke liability. Yet horizontal cartels were excluded from the settlement procedure. Does this produce stronger deterrence or merely statutory complexity? That is the central question. India is the world's fifth-largest economy. The Competition Commission of India remains a young institution operating without criminal sanctions. Empirical data: of approximately Rs 20,350 crore in penalties imposed as of April 2025, Rs 18,512 crore stayed or dismissed on appeal. A penalty never collected does not deter. The analysis anchors on optimal deterrence theory. Expected cost must exceed expected benefit. The calculus is equally sensitive to detection probability and sanction magnitude. Leniency programmes interact in complex ways. Sanctions must strip total cartel profit discounted for detection. The research employs functional comparative methodology across three models: India (developing-economy administrative regime), the EU (civil-penalty administrative regime with private enforcement growing), and the US (criminalised model with imprisonment and treble damages). The penalty recovery crisis is the most urgent problem. The leniency framework has not generated self-reporting. Without credible ex officio detection or individual criminal liability, India's leniency programme asks corporate actors to take significant risks for uncertain rewards. The exclusion of horizontal cartels from settlement contradicts Parliament's own Standing Committee recommendation. The global turnover penalty, without binding proportionality safeguards, creates constitutional vulnerability. NCLAT's full merits review and easy appellate stays make enforcement finality structurally elusive. The dissertation formulates reform recommendations: extend settlement to cartels, establish an anonymous whistleblower tool, mandate proportionality in penalty guidelines, individual civil penalties and director disqualification, reform appellate review, invest in dawn raids and digital forensics, and develop private enforcement infrastructure. An effective competition regime is not a luxury. It is a precondition for India's consumer oriented market economy. The law exists. The institutional foundation exists. What is needed 1 Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969, ss 2, 10, 33, 37; Bhattacharjea (n 1) 61314. now is the will to close the gap between statutory ambition and enforcement reality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samriddhi Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Trauma and Female Sexual Dysfunction: An Integrative Review of Early Psychological Processes and the Role of Crisis Intervention
This study employs an integrative review design to examine the relationship between trauma and female sexual dysfunction (FSD), with a focus on early psychological processes. Literature published between 2000 and 2025 was analyzed, and studies were evaluated for methodological and conceptual relevance to identify patterns related to trauma exposure, psychological responses, sexual functioning, and intervention-related factors. Thematic synthesis of the select-ed studies resulted in five key themes: (1) peri-traumatic psychological responses, (2) disruption of safety, personal agency, and bodily autonomy, (3) early sexual health vulnerability, (4) behavioral and relational adaptations, and (5) intervention perspectives. The findings indicate that trauma influences sexual functioning through early disruptions in emotional regulation, perceived safety, and interpersonal processes, contributing to a stage of vulnerability prior to the development of clinically defined dysfunction. Based on these findings, a conceptual framework is proposed that reconceptualizes the trauma sexual dysfunction relationship as a dynamic trajectory rather than a direct out-come. Within this framework, crisis intervention is positioned as a moderating factor that may influence this pathway by stabilizing early psychological responses, restoring a sense of safety and control, and supporting adaptive coping. Overall, the study advances a prevention-oriented perspective by emphasizing early-stage processes and intervention. The findings high-light the need for future empirical research examining the impact of early psychological sup-port on long-term sexual health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Preeti Singh, P. Shree Lakshmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Hybrid Deep Learning and Particle Filter Framework for NLOS Mitigation in AI-Enhanced UWB Indoor Navigation
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is one of the best technologies for accurate indoor location, which is a key part of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). But when there are Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) situations, its performance drops a lot. This research presents an innovative hybrid architecture that integrates a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with a particle filter (PF) to effectively counteract non-line-of-sight (NLOS) effects. The CNN directly looks at the raw Channel Impulse Response (CIR) from UWB anchors to do both NLOS classification and range error regression at the same time. This data changes the measurement noise covariance of a PF in real time, which stops the filter from believing measurements that are wrong. In a difficult industrial testbed, our CNN model was put through a lot of tests and was able to identify NLOS with 98.5% accuracy. The hybrid framework cuts the average 3D positioning error down to 8.4 cm when used in the navigation system. This is a 76% reduction over a conventional Extended Kalman Filter (35.1 cm) and a 55% improvement over a regular PF (18.7 cm). Also, the 95th percentile error is cut down to 21.2 cm, which shows that it is quite reliable for use in industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sokliep Pheng, Wu Jun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Ultra-wideband (UWB) Indoor Navigation Systems to Boost Precision and Reliability
Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology can help with indoor guidance and finding your way around with great accuracy. This science is very important. This might be because it has a high time precision and is not affected by multipath interference. There are several things that could make it less effective than other methods, such as signal confusion, situations where there is no line of sight (NLOS), and changes in the surroundings. This is true even though it has many benefits. The latest improvements in artificial intelligence (AI) programs have made UWB-based systems much better at handling their surroundings. They are also more reliable and adaptable. Because of these improvements, UWB-based products can now adapt better to the place where they are. It is the goal of this project to create a new UWB positioning system that uses artificial intelligence to do a better job than current systems. The Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) and Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) will be used to make this happen. During the tests, it was found that placing accuracy rose by 37%, with an average mistake of 7.5 centimetres, even though the conditions in the setting were changing all the time. The method described works even when there is no line of sight (NLOS). This makes it a great choice for uses like self-driving robots, smart stores, and healthcare guidance.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
VaultNFT – Preserve, Trade, Treasure: Application
The rapid growth of blockchain technology has unlocked new possibilities for representing digital ownership, with Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) emerging as a groundbreaking innovation. NFTs provide a means to tokenize digital assets such as art, music, videos, and collectibles, ensuring verifiable ownership and authenticity. VaultNFT is now developed as a mobile application designed to address the challenges of existing NFT marketplaces by offering a decentralized, secure, and user-centric platform for buying, selling, and minting NFTs on the go. This application integrates cutting-edge blockchain technology to ensure transparency and immutability of transactions. VaultNFT caters to creators, collectors, and traders by simplifying complex processes such as minting NFTs and conducting peer-to-peer transactions through an intuitive mobile interface. Unlike traditional NFT platforms, the VaultNFT app prioritizes inclusivity and affordability, leveraging Layer-2 blockchain solutions to reduce gas fees while maintaining a seamless and responsive user experience. Key features include a beginner-friendly in-app minting tool, advanced marketplace functionalities, and a real-time analytics dashboard for tracking trends and sales. The application also supports secure wallet integrations, ensuring safe transactions and verifiable proof of ownership directly from the device. Through its mobile-first approach, VaultNFT aims to revolutionize the digital economy by empowering creators and enabling a wider audience to engage with NFTs in a cost-efficient and accessible manner anytime, anywhere. By addressing existing challenges such as high costs, technical barriers, and market saturation, the VaultNFT application envisions a future where digital ownership becomes mainstream, reshaping the way users interact with digital assets through convenient and scalable mobile technology.These instructions give you guidelines for preparing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aradhya Khobragade, Amit Yele, Ajinkya Raut, Rushikesh Walke (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Paper to Portal: Constitutional Validity of Digital Government Approvals in India
India’s quick transformation towards digital governance has completely revolutionized the way of working of governance processes as they move from the Older-paper-based approach to more sophisticated, faster, and efficient processes through technology. The use of digital means in making decisions related to governance by using government approvals for licenses, permits, certificates, among others, is crucial for e-governance. While this approach is associated with many advantages, there are important constitutional issues that need to be addressed here. The aim of this research paper is to test the constitutionality of electronic systems of government approvals in India, more particularly the compliance of such systems with the Articles 14 and 21 of the Indian Constitution. This article provides for equal protection under the law and non-arbitrary state action and can be applied in the case of digital technologies and algorithms. Despite claims about objectivity and neutrality associated with technology, its opacity along with unequal distribution of technology access might lead to discrimination and arbitrary treatment by the system. Thus, the neutrality of technology does not always imply equality of rights of rights, at least not in the context of the socio-economic situations in India. Moreover, Article 21 is analyzed in this paper, which includes the right to life and personal liberty along with rights to privacy and procedural justice. In th light of the case law established in K.S Puttaswamy V. Union of India, in which privacy was declared to be a fundamental right in India, the paper evaluates the consequences of massive collection, processing, and storage of information through digital governance tools. The paper raises several concerns associated with surveillance and data security, in the light of new technological advancements and centralized data collection system. Furthermore, the paper discusses the problem of violation of procedural due process in automatic systems of decision-making. The Study examines the question of the digital divide as a problem of constitutional law, noting the fact that lack of technological access, low levels of digital literacy, and poor infrastructure have negative impacts on disadvantaged populations. Digital segregation not only violates the idea of quality in public services access but also questions the validity of a government that is not available to all citizens. The other issues that research focuses on include the existing legal framework about the process of online approvals and the emerging data protection regulations. The author suggests that the legal validity may not be enough for the process to be constitutional. Based on an in-depth examination of some important concepts from administrative law, certain deficiencies are highlighted. Although digital governance is an inescapable and indispensable development in the administrative process, it needs to align itself with the constitution to ensure that efficiency does not undermine fundamental rights. This paper calls for a pragmatic and holistic approach in which regulation, transparency in algorithms, mechanisms for dealing with grievances, and bridging the digital divide need to be taken into consideration, it is only through such reforms that digital government approvals will have legal and constitutional legitimacy in India.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prakash (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Road accidents have become a significant global concern due to increasing vehicle density and human error. One of the primary causes of accidents is the delay in driver reaction during emergency situations. To overcome this issue, an Automatic Braking System (ABS) based on ultrasonic sensing and microcontroller technology is proposed. The system utilizes an ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles, an Arduino microcontroller for processing, a gear motor for driving the vehicle, and a servo motor for braking action. When an obstacle is detected within a predefined distance, the system automatically applies the brakes, thereby preventing collision. This project demonstrates a cost-effective, efficient, and reliable safety mechanism that can be implemented in low-speed vehicles and prototype models.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shailendra Singh, Ankit Pandey, Piyush Chaudhary, Suraj Yadav, Satyam Yadav (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Financial Performance Analysis of Major Indian Automobile Companies – A Comparative Study for the Period 2020-21 to 2024-25
This paper investigates the financial health of five prominent Indian automobile manufacturers — Maruti Suzuki India Limited, Tata Motors Limited, Mahindra and Mahindra Limited, Bajaj Auto Limited, and Eicher Motors Limited — spanning the five-year window from 2020–21 through 2024–25. The methodology employs financial ratio analysis across four core dimensions: profitability, liquidity, long-term solvency, and capital efficiency. Primary data originates from audited annual reports and recognised financial databases. The findings indicate that Bajaj Auto and Eicher Motors consistently recorded the strongest returns on equity and the most stable profit margins, while Maruti Suzuki retained its commanding position in domestic passenger vehicle volumes. Tata Motors delivered the most dramatic financial reversal across the period, recovering from deep pandemic-induced losses to record sector-leading profits by 2023–24. Mahindra and Mahindra exhibited measured, consistent growth across all dimensions without taking on disproportionate balance sheet risk. A key conclusion is that no single firm dominates every financial dimension simultaneously — each entity exhibits a distinct performance profile shaped by its product mix, capital structure, and strategic choices. As the sector confronts accelerating EV adoption and tightening emission norms, the companies that combine financial resilience with technology investment will be best positioned for the next phase of growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhanashri S. Deotale (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MediCare: An Online Hospital Appointment Management System
The rapid advancement of information technology has significantly transformed the healthcare sector by introducing digital solutions that enhance efficiency and patient care. Traditional hospital appointment systems are often manual, time-consuming, and prone to errors, resulting in long waiting times and poor patient satisfaction. This paper proposes MediCare, an Online Hospital Appointment Management System designed to automate the appointment scheduling process. The system allows patients to book appointments, view doctor availability, and receive notifications through a web-based platform. Doctors and administrators can efficiently manage schedules, patient data, and hospital operations. The proposed system improves service quality, reduces administrative workload, and enhances overall healthcare efficiency. Future enhancements such as telemedicine and AI-based scheduling are also discussed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anuj Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Fabrication of a Solar-Powered Thermoelectric Refrigerator
Conventional refrigeration systems heavily rely on environmentally hazardous refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which possess a high global warming potential and contribute significantly to ozone depletion. Additionally, these traditional vapour compression systems are mechanically complex, energy-intensive, and prone to wear, vibration, and noise. To address these challenges, this paper presents the design and fabrication of a solar-powered thermoelectric refrigerator. By leveraging the Peltier effect, the proposed system provides a compact, reliable, and eco-friendly cooling alternative without the need for moving mechanical parts or harmful refrigerants. Powered by a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel and supported by a battery bank, this system is particularly suited for off-grid communities, outdoor activities, and the preservation of temperature-sensitive medical supplies in remote areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Madhvendra Kumar Dwivedi, Khwajuddin Shah, Dhiraj Kumar, Dilip Kumar, Sweta Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diabetes Early Diagnosis System Using Machine Learning and Prognostic Feature Analysis
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from insulin deficiency or insulin resistance, and it has become a major global health concern due to its rapidly increasing prevalence. Since diabetes often remains asymptomatic in its early stages, late diagnosis leads to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden, making early detection essential. Recent advances in machine learning have enabled effective early disease diagnosis by analyzing large-scale medical data and identifying complex patterns beyond traditional methods. This paper presents a machine learning-based Diabetes Early Diagnosis System (DEDS) that utilizes prognostic feature analysis. The proposed system integrates data preprocessing, dimensionality reduction, feature selection, and multiple classification models to achieve accurate early-stage diabetes prediction. The PIMA Indian Diabetes Dataset is used for evaluation, incorporating clinical features such as glucose concentration, blood pressure, insulin level, body mass index, age, and hereditary factors. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Sparse PCA are applied to eliminate redundant features, improving model generalization and interpretability. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms traditional classifiers in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, highlighting its effectiveness for early diabetes detection and its potential application in real-world clinical and telemedicine-based healthcare systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shashwat Rai, Gaurav Singh, Sunil Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Land Use/Land Cover Change, Rainfall Pattern and NDVI in Nandyal District, Andhra Pradesh: Using Geo-Informatics
Nandyal District is blessed with pilgrimage heritage sites and spans over 9,681 square kilometres, with diverse ecosystems and varieties of trees occupying about 32% of the land. Looking at the land usage pattern from 2017 to 2024, it is evident that the main activity is farming. Crops occupy about 52.74% of the land in 2024, with rangelands and forests slightly decreasing. It is evident that the rainfall pattern is diverse during these years. It is clear that the growth of crops depends on the rainfall pattern. NDVI shows the diversity in the growth of vegetation. It is evident that the areas with high rainfall are occupied by moderate to dense greenery. It is also evident that the relationship between rainfall and NDVI is not straightforward. More rainfall does not imply the growth of vegetation in all areas, especially those with low rainfall. In summary, it is evident that the change in land usage, the distribution of rainfall, and the growth of vegetation show the importance of sustainable land usage. It is important to maintain the requirements of farming while protecting the land. Continuous research is required to come up with strategies to address the challenges brought about by global warming and urbanization.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Karunakara Rao (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study of Rural Development in Aligarh District: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects
This study presents a comprehensive empirical analysis of rural development in Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh, a region where approximately 70% of the population resides in villages and where traditional agrarian livelihoods intersect with the globally renowned lock-making industry. Despite its economic significance, rural Aligarh faces persistent challenges including gender disparities in literacy, fragmented landholdings, infrastructure deficits, and climate-dependent agricultural vulnerability. This research examines the current developmental status through a mixed-methods approach, integrating primary data from 100 respondents across five strategically selected villages (Lodha, Alampur Subakara, Maheshpur ADF, Chherat Sudhal, and Sapera Bhanpur) with secondary data analysis. The study evaluates critical dimensions of rural development including agricultural productivity, educational infrastructure, healthcare accessibility, employment opportunities, and community awareness of government schemes such as the "One District One Product" (ODOP) initiative, dairy cooperative expansion, and emerging rural tourism potential. Quantitative analysis utilizing Microsoft Excel and SPSS was complemented by qualitative thematic examination of field observations and in-depth interviews with marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, and administrative stakeholders. Findings reveal significant gaps in cold storage facilities, credit accessibility, and technical training that impede sustainable growth, while highlighting transformative opportunities presented by rapid urbanization and industrial encroachment. The research identifies localized trends and infrastructure disparities through cross-village comparative analysis, ultimately proposing a strategic framework for transitioning Aligarh from a traditional agrarian economy to a modern, self-reliant rural hub. The study concludes with practical policy recommendations aimed at fostering long-term resilience, inclusive prosperity, and improved implementation of rural development programs in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umme Kulsum, Khushi Sharma, Zoha Seraj, Mohd. Danish (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Legal and Ethical Implications of AI in Judicial Decision-Making: Challenges to Fair Trial and Due Process
A paradigm shift in the discussion of law, justice, and governance has resulted from the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into judicial systems. Even though AI has been successful in increasing productivity, simplifying case management, and helping judges with research, using it to make decisions in court presents serious ethical and legal issues. The constitutional protections of due process and fair trial, which protect individual rights from caprice and guarantee openness, impartiality, and accountability in decision-making, are at the heart of this discussion. The ethical and legal ramifications of using AI in court decision-making are examined in this paper. It looks at how the idea of equality before the law may be threatened by algorithmic tools that, despite their promise of objectivity, may replicate or even worsen systemic biases present in training data. The constitutional requirement of reasoned judgments is challenged by the "black box problem," in which algorithms generate results without comprehensible reasoning, undermining public confidence in the legal system. Furthermore, there are serious concerns about who is responsible for incorrect or unfair results when accountability is distributed between algorithmic systems and human judges. The study examines developments in China, India, the United States, and the European Union using a comparative methodology. Both the advantages and disadvantages of AI-driven adjudication are highlighted in the study, ranging from the US controversy surrounding COMPAS risk-assessment tools to China's smart court experiment and India's cautious use of AI through SUPACE. It contends that although artificial intelligence (AI) can increase judicial efficiency, human conscience, empathy, and interpretive reasoning—all of which are essential components of justice—cannot be separated from adjudication. In order to ensure that technological innovation does not undermine constitutional values but rather strengthens the accessibility, fairness, and credibility of judicial systems, the paper ends by suggesting safeguards such as regulatory frameworks, transparency standards, and a "human-in-the-loop" principle.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pooja Baghel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Analytical Reliability and Correlation of Hemo Spark+ Against the HemoCue 201 Gold Standard
Background: Anemia affects over 50–60% of women of reproductive age, children, and pregnant women in many parts of India (per NFHS and WHO data), contributing to maternal mortality, low birth weight, impaired child development, and reduced productivity. Early detection through hemoglobin (Hb) screening is essential for interventions like iron supplementation, deworming, and nutritional programs. However, traditional lab-based methods (e.g., automated hematology analyzers using cyanmethemoglobin or flow cytometry) are expensive, require trained personnel, infrastructure, and sample transport—often impractical in rural or primary health centers (PHCs), antenatal clinics, schools, or blood donation camps. Accurate and rapid hemoglobin (Hb) estimation is critical for anemia screening and clinical decision-making. This study evaluates the analytical performance of the Hemo Spark+ Hemoglobin meter point-of-care (POC) meter, based on dual wavelength absorption photometry, compared to the HemoCue Hb 201 reference standard. Performance was assessed through statistical interpretation of accuracy, precision, and agreement using both venous and capillary blood samples. Objective: To assess the analytical reliability and correlation of the HemoSpark+ Hemoglobin meter, hemoglobin levels were estimated in parallel with the Hemo Cue Hb 201 hemoglobin meter with both venous and blood samples. To determine if Hemo Spark+ meter is a viable, cost-effective alternative for anemia screening, blood donation, and maternal health programs, especially where portability and ease-of-use are critical. Materials and Methods: This prospective, method-comparison study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Hemo Spark+ against the HemoCue Hb 201 (Reference Method). The study protocol adhered to the CLSI EP09-A3 guidelines for method comparison and bias estimation using patient samples. A total of 321 participants were enrolled, including: Adults (N=236): Stratified by gender (Male/Female). Children (N=85): Defined as individuals under 12 years of age. Two types of blood matrices were collected from each participant to evaluate matrix effects: Capillary Blood: Obtained via a standard finger-prick using a high-flow lancet. Venous Blood: Collected via venipuncture into K2-EDTA vacuum tubes. Venous samples were analyzed within 4 hours of collection to ensure cellular integrity. Results: The Hemo Spark+ hemoglobin meter meets and exceeds the performance requirements for point-of-care anemia screening. With a correlation of 0.9989 and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity exceeding 95%, it provides a reliable, low-bias alternative to the HemoCue Hb 201 for both adult and pediatric populations. The device demonstrated high repeatability and reproducibility across the three critical hemoglobin levels. Intra-Sample (Repeatability): Testing the same sample 20 times on one meter. Low (8.2 g/dL): CV = 1.46; Medium (13.5 g/dL): CV = 0.89; High (17.1g/dL): CV=0.70%; Inter-Sample (Reproducibility): Testing the same sample across 5 different meters. Low (8.2 g/dL): CV = 2.20%; Medium (13.5 g/dL): CV = 1.33%; High (17.1 g/dL): CV = 1.05%; There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between venous and capillary blood performance. While capillary samples showed a slightly higher standard deviation (+/- 0.12 g/dL) compared to venous samples (+/- 0.08 g/dL), both remained well within the target accuracy and sensitivity/specificity thresholds (> 95%). Conclusion: The Hemo Spark+ hemoglobin meter meets and exceeds the performance requirements for point-of-care anemia screening. With a correlation of 0.9989 and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity exceeding 95%, it provides a reliable, low-bias alternative to the HemoCue Hb 201 for both adult and pediatric populations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vanama Sravanthi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Pulse of Student Entrepreneurship on the Campus
Student entrepreneurship on university campuses has increasingly emerged as a defining feature of contemporary higher education, reflecting broader socio-economic shifts marked by youth unemployment, rapid digital transformation, critical thinking, and a growing pursuit of self-reliance. Within this context, campus-based entrepreneurial activity has evolved beyond a peripheral pursuit into a central survival and empowerment strategy for many students. This abstract examines the motivations, challenges, opportunities, and socio-cultural dynamics shaping entrepreneurial engagement among university students, positioning campus entrepreneurship as both an economic response and a transformative social phenomenon. There is a notable rise in the number of students engaging in entrepreneurial ventures across campuses, largely driven by constrained formal employment opportunities and the desire for creativity, innovation, and financial autonomy. Universities provide a fertile environment for such activity by bringing together diverse populations, interdisciplinary skills, and expansive networks that collectively nurture innovation. Through the interaction of academic knowledge, peer collaboration, digital platforms, and institutional support structures such as incubation hubs and innovation centers students are able to develop socio-economic diversity and cultivate independent, adaptive enterprise ecosystems. These ventures range from small-scale informal enterprises, including online retailing, event management, photography, and food services, to technology-driven startups in areas such as digital marketing, application development, agribusiness, and content creation. The study underscores that student entrepreneurship is deeply influenced by prevailing economic pressures. Rising tuition costs, limited government sponsorship, and the increasing cost of living compel students to seek alternative income streams. Entrepreneurship therefore functions not only as a pathway to financial sustainability but also as a mechanism for reducing dependence on family support. In this process, students acquire critical competencies, including financial literacy, resilience, adaptability, and strategic decision-making, which extend beyond immediate economic gains. Importantly, student entrepreneurship is not solely profit-oriented. It is equally motivated by personal development, passion, problem-solving, and aspirations for social impact. Drawing on opportunity recognition theory, human capital theory, and innovation theory, the study illustrates how students identify market gaps, leverage acquired skills, and introduce novel solutions within the campus environment. These theoretical perspectives help explain the interaction between education, social networks, and environmental conditions in shaping entrepreneurial outcomes. The campus is thus conceptualized not only as a learning institution but also as an entrepreneurial laboratory where ideas are conceived, tested, refined, and scaled. Overall, The Pulse of Student Entrepreneurship on the Campus reveals student entrepreneurship as a dynamic and evolving phenomenon with significant implications for economic development, educational transformation, and youth empowerment. Universities play a pivotal role in sustaining this momentum by embedding entrepreneurship within curricula, providing mentorship, facilitating access to funding, and establishing supportive policy frameworks that enable student-led enterprises to thrive.
Copyright (c) 2026 Geoffrey Kipkorir Ng'enoh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Atrazine Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Hydrogen Peroxide-Modified Powdered Activated Carbon
Atrazine is a triazine herbicide that is commonly used in the Philippines to manage weeds in crops such as sugarcane, maize and rice. However, it has been polluting the surface and groundwater because of its persistence and solubility in water that causes health concerns such as endocrine disruption and cancer. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) is used as a treatment for the removing contaminants in drinking water treatment plants due to its high efficiency and low cost, but has problems with its regeneration and saturation limits. Therefore, this study involves the use of PAC and to modify it with H2O2 in order to improve atrazine removal by introducing oxidation by reactive radicals which allows the process to be more effective and sustainable. The spectrophotometric analysis at 450 nm indicated that the atrazine concentration was reduced consistently among the treatments. The results from the analysis suggest that with the increasing H2O2 concentration used for modification, the atrazine removal efficiency also increases which implies the importance of oxidative activation of adsorption capacity and the surface reactivity. Meanwhile, the optimal H₂O₂ concentration is the balance between enhanced surface functionality and structural stability, achieving maximum removal efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chyrajen Callao, Merry Cris Mallari, Miame Mangubat, Henry Haranay (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Achievement Motivation of Secondary Level Students in Relation to Gender and Area of Residence
The present study investigated achievement motivation among secondary school students in relation to gender and area of residence. A causal-comparative research design was adopted for the study. The sample consisted of secondary school students selected through multistage sampling technique from Bhubaneswar Block and Bhubaneswar Municipality area of Khordha district. Data were collected using Deo-Mohan Achievement Motivation (n-Ach) Scale. The collected data were analyzed using Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to examine the main and interaction effects of gender and residence on achievement motivation. The findings revealed that both gender and residence have significant effects on achievement motivation. However, the interaction effect between gender and residence was not found to be significant. The results indicate that achievement motivation differs independently based on gender and residential background, but their combined influence does not produce a significant effect. The study highlights the importance of considering demographic factors in understanding students’ achievement motivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jishnupriya Rout (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rehabilitation of Chronic Cervical Spondylolysis with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome using a Multimodal Physiotherapy Approach: A Case Study
Background: Chronic cervical spondylolysis is a degenerative musculoskeletal condition often associated with neck pain, restricted mobility, and neurological symptoms due to nerve root involvement. When accompanied by carpal tunnel syndrome, patients may experience compounded functional impairment, including upper limb pain, paresthesia, and reduced hand function. Managing such coexisting conditions requires a comprehensive and individualized rehabilitation strategy. Objective: This case study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a multimodal physiotherapy approach in reducing pain, improving functional mobility, and enhancing upper limb function in a patient with chronic cervical spondylolysis and concurrent carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods: A patient presenting with chronic neck pain, radiating upper limb symptoms, and clinically diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome underwent a structured physiotherapy program over a defined intervention period. The multimodal rehabilitation protocol included therapeutic exercises, cervical stabilization training, neural mobilization, manual therapy, postural correction, ergonomic education, and electrotherapy modalities for pain management. Outcome measures included pain intensity, cervical range of motion, hand grip strength, functional status, and patient-reported symptom severity. Results: Post-intervention findings demonstrated a significant reduction in pain intensity, improved cervical mobility, enhanced hand function, and decreased paresthesia. Functional performance and daily activity tolerance improved notably, with the patient reporting better postural awareness and reduced symptom recurrence. Conclusion: A multimodal physiotherapy approach appears to be an effective conservative management strategy for individuals with coexisting chronic cervical spondylolysis and carpal tunnel syndrome. Integrated rehabilitation targeting both cervical and peripheral nerve dysfunction may lead to meaningful improvements in pain, mobility, and functional independence. Further studies with larger samples are recommended to support these findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shafiu Abdulganiyu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
StreamRAG v2: Native Parser Daemons and Three-Tier Extraction for Real-Time Code Graphs
We present StreamRAG v2, a major evolution of the StreamRAG real-time incremental code graph system for AI-driven code editors. Building on the v1 foundations—LiquidGraph, DeltaGraphBridge, and ShadowAST—v2 introduces five architectural advances: (1) Native Parser Daemons, persistent language-specific processes (Node.js, Rust, JVM) communicating via length-prefixed msgpack over Unix domain sockets, providing full AST parsing for 7 non-Python languages; (2) a Three-Tier Extraction Hierarchy where each language is served by the best available parser—native daemon, tree-sitter AST, or regex—with automatic fallback; (3) a V2 Subsystem comprising adaptive debouncing, context stabilization, fine-grained invertible graph operations, semantic path addressing, time-based file watching, and multi-session daemon support; (4) three Intelligence Subsystems—native parser caching via SHA256-keyed LRU, semantic similarity scoring with five weighted signals, and LLM-guided resolution for ambiguous edges; and (5) Accuracy Subsystems including cross-language convention resolvers, confidence-filtered cycle detection, structured direct/transitive impact separation, and workspace-aware dead code analysis. StreamRAG v2 achieves sub-0.05ms per incremental change, supports 1,020 test scenarios across 62 test files with 100% pass rate, and spans 20,000+ lines of production code across Python, TypeScript, Rust, and Java. Real-world benchmarks show v2 reduces token consumption by 47% and turns by 19% compared to unaugmented Claude, with a 96% token reduction on complex architecture traces. Compared to v1, v2 improves accuracy by +20pp (92% vs 72%), runs 2.3× faster, and uses 53% fewer tokens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Krrish Choudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examining the State of Security for Security Providers – A Case Study of National Government Administrative Officers in Vihiga County, Kenya
There have been efforts by the National government in creating a conducive working environment for National Government Administrative Officers (N.G.A.O) working within the country with emphasis to those working within their home sub-counties. The National government is fast tracking the process by ensuring that their security is guaranteed and protected. This is after a rise in the number of cases of attacks, assault and even death of National Government Administrative Officers within the country and specifically within Vihiga County, who are assaulted while on duty or even when not on official duty. According to the Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSHS 2025), a total of 9702 cases has been notified. The main objective of the study is to assess the state of security for National Government Administrative Officers working and residing within Vihiga County. The study also aims at examining key security challenges affecting the officers. The target setting is the National Government Administrative Officers working within the Sub- County in their home areas who continue working and serving the citizens residing within their working home environment. This study will mostly target Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs who work in their home locations and sub-locations and are not transferable. The study also aims at exploring how the National Government tends or addresses security challenges and issues affecting National Government Administrative Officers within the targeted areas. The study will lastly try and address the key areas government is strengthening in mitigating and improving security awareness among the National Government Administrative Officers in Kenya.The study will adopt a descriptive study design with a sample size of 215 respondents. The main respondents will be Chiefs, Assistant Chiefs, National Police Service officers, Village elders, Community Policing members, nyumba kumi and the local residents. Primary data will be collected using questionnaires and interview schedules while secondary data will be collected from past records and literature. A mixed-methods approach will be utilized which will involve structured questionnaires for quantitative data and Key Informant Interviews for qualitative data. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data will undergo thematic analysis and presented in a narrative form to compliment the quantitative results. The study aims to establish the correlation between the security challenges within the Sub- County affecting N.G.A.O Officers, their causes, role played by security officers themselves, organized gangs or groups, boda-boda riders, business men and women, criminal gangs among other players within Vihiga County. The study aims to further show the satisfaction rate of work among the officers and the role they play in determining their state of security. The study will also try to give recommendations on the best approaches in ensuring that the officers perform their duties fully and diligently.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kutai Matende Richard, Yasin Kuso Ghabon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Artificial Brain: A Neuroscience Inspired Architecture for Multimodal AI Systems
Current AI models process input through a single lens. The human brain never does this—it cross-references every sense against every other sense, flags conflicts, and only calls on expensive conscious reasoning when something doesn't add up. We present a complete architecture for an artificial brain that mirrors this design: specialized Small Language Models (SLMs) as parallel sensory cortices, a lightweight conflict detector as the anterior cingulate cortex, an expensive reasoning model as the prefrontal cortex activated only on demand, a streaming identity core as the default mode network, episodic memory via vector databases, slow knowledge consolidation via sleep-cycle fine-tuning, and a neuromodulator reward system that shapes all behavior over time. The system is born when started, develops personality through experience, sleeps to consolidate, and dies when stopped. Every component maps to a specific brain structure. Every design decision is grounded in neuroscience research. The architecture is implementable today on consumer hardware (RTX 4050, 6GB VRAM).
Copyright (c) 2026 Krrish Choudhary, Tanvi Kandoi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Philosophical Interpretation of Karmayoga in the Gita
“A Philosophical Interpretation of Karma Yoga in the Gita” is a philosophical study whose objective is to analyze the principles of Karma Yoga as presented in the “Bhagavad Gita”. The Bhagavad Gita is a unique work of Indian philosophy that is not only significant from a religious and spiritual perspective, but also extremely useful as a guide for practical life. Through Lord Krishna’s teachings to Arjuna, the Gita integrates the profound elements of karma (action),gyan (knowledge), bhakti (devotion), and yoga. This research paper focuses particularly on the philosophical structure of Karma Yoga. A detailed explanation of Karma Yoga is found in the second, third, and fifth chapters of the Gita, where Lord Krishna identifies selfless action (nishkaam karma), sense of duty, self-control, and equanimity as the core elements of Karma Yoga. Through verses such as “Karmanye vadhikaraste”, the importance of action is emphasized; clarifying that renouncing attachment to the fruits of action and performing one’s duty alone can lead a person toward spiritual progress. From a philosophical perspective, Karma Yoga in the Gita acts as a bridge between the philosophies of dualism and non-dualism. It paves the way toward purity of the self, stability of the mind, and liberation from bondage. Karma Yoga is not merely physical action; it is also the practice of mental and spiritual discipline. It is a path in which, while performing actions, a person remains detached and unaffected—an idea clearly reflected in the Gita’s concepts of “action in inaction” and “inaction in action.” The study also demonstrates that Karma Yoga in the Gita is relevant not only for spiritual development but is equally significant for establishing balance amid the complexities of modern life. Whether in personal life, social responsibility, or ethical dilemmas, the Gita’s Karma Yoga offers a practical solution. Thus, this research paper reinterprets the philosophy of Karma Yoga not only in the light of traditional Gita commentaries but also within the context of contemporary moral philosophy and practical life. The study shows that Karma Yoga is just as relevant today as it was for Arjuna on the battlefield of the Mahabharata.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kapila Purohit (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Empowering Learners: A Holistic Approach to Pedagogical Adaptation and Institutional Support Through Grounded Theory
This study explores the responses of junior high school mathematics educators in the Carcar City Division to learning loss. The loss was brought about by the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to understand the strategies they implemented to address these challenges. Employing a qualitative design grounded in Straussian Grounded Theory, the research draws insights from key informant interviews and focused group discussions with teachers and administrators from the division’s three largest public schools. Findings reveal a range of innovative and context-responsive strategies such as peer tutoring, differentiated instruction, remedial interventions, and the use of blended learning modalities. The institutional support also plays a vital role in the success of learning recovery programs as well as the support coming the community. These two sources of support create a strong foundation for addressing learning gaps. Hence, the study culminates in the development of the substantive theory: Adaptive Student Learning Recovery, which outlines three interrelated pillars for effective learning recovery: pedagogical adaptation, social learning support, and institutional intervention. Pedagogical adaptation includes responsive teaching strategies tailored to students’ needs; social learning support highlights the roles of parents, peers, and community in sustaining student engagement; and institutional intervention refers to systemic efforts in leadership, resource allocation, and policy support. Despite persistent challenges—including technological disparities, limited instructional time, and socio-economic barriers—educators demonstrated resilience and a strong commitment to equitable learning recovery. The study offers a framework to guide future interventions and policymaking in post-pandemic mathematics education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Margie M. Oacan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Indigenous Education of Urban Middle-Class Women in United Provinces in the Late Nineteenth Century
My focus in this article is on the beginning and growth of women's education in colonial United Provinces, staged in different spaces via colonial agencies. This article examines the institutions and ideals of education in the United Provinces, particularly those centered around women. The trajectory of women's education in the United Provinces exhibited a marked deviation from the Bengal renaissance model which has received abundance of scholarly attention. While claiming that women were quietly creating spaces in spite of such limitations, this article marks out the moments of quiet struggle with patriarchal institution within and outside the household.
Copyright (c) 2026 Priyamvada Tiwari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ibsen’s Parental Paradigms: A Reexamination
This article explores the parent-child relationships in Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, Ghosts and An Enemy of the People with a special focus on the destructive role of parents and children in social and human evolution. The study examines how Ibsen uses these particular relationships and what they represent in light of his views on social progress, evolution, and education. Drawing from the interactions between children and their parents in the plays under study, the work discusses the intricate weaving together of a number of different cultural and philosophical visions inherent in children’s and parent’s world, thereby highlighting the role children play in promoting cultural diversity and social justice. As this study highlights, traditional parenting breads dictatorship, tyranny, brutality and sycophancy. The study therefore discusses themes like torture, oppression, injustice, repression, religious hypocrisy, hopes deferred and marginalization within the confines of the home with the intention of showing that those who take up tasks of parenting and guardianship have the responsibility of liberating the child from these injustices. Through the use of social identity theoretical approach to literature, the work demonstrates that the constructive role of the child in social progress and human evolution is usually watered down by the destructive effect of the parent on the child’s progress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Magdalene Benadine Emeli, Didachos Mbeng Afuh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electoral Violence, Institutional Change, and Democratic Consolidation: Kenyan 2007-2022 Election Lessons
In the transitional democracies, election violence has been one of the most significant challenges to democratization. The election process in Kenya has periodically served not only as a democratic process but also as the source of political instability and institutional disruption. This paper analyzes the flexible association among the electoral violence, institutional transformation, and the democratic consolidation in Kenya between 2007 and 2022. The qualitative historical-interpretive design of the study, which relies on the institutionalism of history and democratic consolidation theory, will utilize constitutional texts, electoral legislation, court rulings, reports of the commissions, missions of observers, and peer-reviewed literature. This analysis shows that the post-election violence of 2007-2008 was a critical point that led to unavoidable sweeping institutional reforms, the best being the 2010 Constitution. Although these reforms have consolidated procedural democracy, judicial power, and the process of electoral administration, democratic consolidation has not been total and strong. Electoral violence has abated in scale but still exists in its latent and institutionalized forms, as evident in the polarizing of the elite, the losing of the trust of the people, and the naturalization of judicialized elections. The research concludes that institutional reform due to crisis is a necessity, though it is not enough in the absence of long-term political dedication, normative change, and trust towards the government.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dennis Wambugu Wandina, Yasin Kuho Ghabon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Intelligent Text Mining Framework for Decision Support in Government Hiring
Government hiring processes face significant challenges in efficiently and equitably matching qualified candidates with appropriate positions while managing high application volumes. This paper presents an Intelligent Text Mining Framework for decision support in government hiring that integrates lexical and semantic similarity pathways through a weighted fusion mechanism. The framework processes resume and job description corpora using parallel TF-IDF (lexical) and Sentence-BERT (semantic) analyses, combines scores via a tunable parameter α, and ranks candidates per job description. A comprehensive evaluation on a dataset of 100 resumes and 10 job descriptions demonstrates that the hybrid approach achieves a mean combined similarity score of 0.642 ± 0.113 with high reliability (split half correlation r=0.891, p<0.001). The automated pipeline reduces screening time by 99.97% compared to manual review, reclaiming approximately 5.2 person months of effort per 1,000 comparisons. Using non-sensitive proxy variables like resume length and professional category, rigorous fairness tests show no disproportionate impact (80% rule ratio = 0.858) and no statistically significant bias between groups (Kruskal Wallis p=0.543). The system contains an AI dashboard that shows how scores are spread out, how the best candidates rank, and how big the skill gaps are. This helps hiring supervisors keep track of what's going on. The results suggest that the dual path method is a solid balance between precision and recall, helps choose candidates equitably, and is a scalable, auditable way to hire people in the public sector. This study provides a proven, open-source technology that improves government recruiting by making it more efficient, fair, and open, while still allowing for human monitoring and following ethical hiring norms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Ali Ahmed Ghanim, Madiha Mahdi Mohammed Hussain, Ibrahim Mohamed Ahmed Ali, Reem Almahdy Bashier Mohamed Kier (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Communicative Competence and Academic Performance in Oral Communication: A Descriptive-Correlational Study Among Filipino Senior High School Learners
This descriptive-correlational study examined the relationship between communicative competence and academic performance in Oral Communication in Context, a course in the Senior High School (SHS) curriculum in the Philippines. A total sampling technique was utilized, involving 124 SHS learners as respondents. Specifically, it evaluated the degree of communicative competence across four domains: grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic, and analyzed their relationship with academic performance and demographic variables. The results showed that the respondents exhibited a growing level of communicative competence, with sociolinguistic competence being the highest domain, followed by strategic, discourse, and grammatical competence. Students generally perceived themselves as effective communicators, particularly in adapting language to social and cultural situations and dealing with communication failures, but demonstrated less assurance in grammatical correctness and control of discourse structure. Academic performance (mean = 82.45) revealed that the majority of learners fell into the fairly satisfactory and satisfactory groups, with only a few achieving very satisfactory and outstanding scores. Although the minimum passing norm was achieved, the findings indicate that clarity, fluency, coherence, and academic discourse were not fully mastered. Correlation analysis showed no significant relationship between overall communicative competence and academic performance, except for sociolinguistic competence, which exhibited a statistically significant negative correlation. This implies that perceived sociolinguistic adaptability does not always translate to better academic scores, suggesting the need for performance-based tests to be implemented in conjunction with self-assessments. Furthermore, demographic factors (sex, age, grade level, or language at home) showed no significant impact on communicative competence. The results reestablish that the quality of instruction, classroom discourse, and communicative exposure are more decisive than demographic factors in the development of communicative competence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karen N. Coidno, William D. Magday Jr. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0